BY: Dr. Sarah Chidiebere Joe
11. How to Reference Music/Sound Recording
General rule:
- It is not necessary to specify how you listened to a music recording, e.g. streaming on Spotify, iTunes, Naxos; on CD). Choose either album or single track as appropriate.
- Include URL if it is the only way to access the recording.
A. Album
Composer(s)/Artist(s)/Group(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR group) + full stop + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Album (in square brackets) + full stop OR Album recorded by (insert artist/musician if different from above: initials, followed by surname, with full stop after initial, or group, in square brackets) + full stop + Label + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: Beyonce’s debut album Dangerously in Love (2003) stormed the charts.
In the recording of Mozart’s Violin concertos (2006)…
Reference list: Beyonce. (2003). Dangerously in love [Album]. Columbia Records.
Mozart, W. A. (2006). Violin concertos [Album recorded by L. Kavakos]. Sony.
B. Single Track
General rule:
- If referencing a track that is not specifically a song, use appropriate description.
Composer(s)/Artist(s)/Group(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR group) + full stop + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of song + Song (in square brackets) + full stop OR Song recorded by (insert artist/musician if different from above: initials, followed by surname, with full stop after initial, or group, in square brackets) + full stop + On + Title of Album (in italics) + full stop + Title of Label + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: In Dylan’s Blowin’ in the wind… (1989, track 1).
When watching the film, the music from Pharrell Williams (2014) creates an atmosphere…
Reference list: Dylan, B. (1989). Blowin’ in the wind [Song]. On The freewheelin’ Bob Dylan. Sony. Williams, P. (2014). Happy [Song]. Columbia Records.
C. Live Performances
Composer(s)/Artist(s)/Group(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR group) + full stop + Year of performance (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of performance (in italics) + performed by + Performer(s) (initials, with full stop and space after each initial, followed by family name, followed by full stop OR group name) + full stop + Location (venue, followed by comma) + Town/City + full stop + Date of performance (day and month, followed by year, in square brackets)+ full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: The performance of Beethoven’s Symphony no 5 in C minor (2009) …
Reference list: Beethoven, L. (2009). Symphony no 5 in C minor performed by Halifax Symphony Orchestra. Victoria Theatre, Halifax. [14 June, 2009].
D. Music Score
General rule:
- If there is only one version of the score under discussion, you can refer to it in-text, without a full citation. It is only included in the reference list.
- If you are comparing different editions of a score, then you need to cite them separately in the text (i.e. include year and editor/ arranger) as well as in the reference list.
Composer(s)/Artist(s)/Group(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR group) + full stop + Additional contributor (e.g., editor/arranger, surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of work (in italics) + full stop + Publisher + full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: Mozart when composing Requiem…(Mozart & Druce, 1993).
Reference list: Mozart, W. A., & Druce, D. (1993). Requiem: For soprano, alto, tenor and bass soli, SATB and orchestra, K626. Novello.
12. How to Reference Newspaper Articles
A. Print Newspapers
Author(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Date of Publication (year fllowed by comma, followed by month and day in round brackets) + full stop + Title of article + full stop + Title of newspaper (in italics, followed by comma) + p. (page number(s), use page abbreviations) + full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: Crouch reports on a Swedish schoolgirl’s strike… (2018).
Reference list: Crouch, D. (2018, September 1). School girl’s strike captures Sweden’s imagination. The Guardian, p. 32.
B. Online Newspapers
Author(s) (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Date of Publication (year fllowed by comma, followed by month and day in round brackets) + full stop + Title of article + full stop + Title of newspaper (in italics) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: 300 volunteers were involved in the study (Baynes, 2020)…
Reference list: Baynes, C. (2020, June 23). Coronavirus: Second human trial of vaccine begins in UK. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus- vaccine-human-trial-imperial-college-london-oxford-covid-19-a9584136.html
13. How to Reference Official Publications
General rule:
- When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the reference list.
Organisation(s)/Author(s) (organisation followed by full stop OR surname of author, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Date of publication (year, followed by comma if including month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Publication and Report number (in round brackets) + full stop + Publisher + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: As highlighted in the HM Government’s latest report The Future Relationship Between the United Kingdom and the European Union (2018)…
“It shall not be lawful for a landlord to enter upon and resume possession of his own land let as an allotment garden” (Standing Committee B, 1950, p. 5)…
Reference list: HM Government. (2018). The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union (CM 9593). HMSO. http://www.gov.uk/government/publications
Standing Committee B. (1950). Minutes of proceedings on the Allotments Bill (HCP 101). HMSO.
14. How to Reference Personal Communication
A. Telephone calls/Emails/Personal Interviews
General rule:
- Do not include personal communication in your reference list, as this type of information is not available for the reader to use.
- Only include as a citation is the interviewee had agreed to be quoted
Interviewee (initial, followed by full stop, followed surname, followed by comma) + Personal Communication (followed by comma) + Date (Month, day, followed by comma, followed by year).
For example:
In-text citation: “I found it challenging due to being away from my family” (F. Abdella, personal communication, September 1, 2018) …
15. How to Reference Reports
General rule:
- When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the reference list.
- When quoting any research, abide by the ethical agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity between you and your participants.
A. Company Reports
Organisation + full stop + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of Report (in italics) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: Sainsbury’s supermarkets had an annual turnover of… (FAME, 2018).
Reference list: FAME. (2018). Company report of Sainsbury’s supermarkets. https://fame4.bvdinfo.com/
B. Market Research Reports
Organisation(s)/Author(s) (Organisation, followed by full stop OR surname, followed by comma, followed by initials) + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of Report (in italics) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: … (Mintel, 2018)
Reference list: Mintel. (2018). Consumers and the economic outlook – Quarterly update – UK – August 2018. http://academic.mintel.com
16. How to Reference Computer Codes, Software, & Apps
A. Computer Code
General rule:
- If you are writing code for your assignments you must cite and reference anything you have copied or adapted from elsewhere, even if it is open source.
- Also include a note in the code, to indicate where any extracts/ examples/ application programming interfaces (APIs) etc. are being used, and where the original came from. That way, if the code is separated from the report, you have still clearly identified anything that is not your own original work, e.g.
- The format of your reference will be based on where you took the code from. For example, if using code you found on a website such as GitHub, use section 23.1: Website. If taken from a book or ebook, use Section 2: Books.
For example:
In-text citation: Code taken from a book:
(code adapted from Torjo, 2013, pp. 86-87).
Code taken from GitHub:
(code based on Toshinori, 2015)
Reference list: Torjo, J. (2013). C++ network programming. Packt.
Toshinori, S. (2015). Neologism dictionary based on the language resources on the
web for MeCab. GitHub. https://github.com/neologd/mecab-ipadic-neologd
B. Software/Apps
General rule:
- Common software and mobile apps mentioned in text but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations nor do programming languages.
- When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the reference list.
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR Organisation) + full stop + Year of Publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Computer software or Mobile Application Software (in square brackets) + full stop + Version number (if applicable, in round brackets) + full stop + Publisher + full stop + URL (if applicable).
For example:
In-text citation: The app Town Square by Huddersfield Town AFC (2015) was a huge success.
..in my use of SolidWorks (Solid Solutions, 2018)
Reference list: Huddersfield Town AFC. (2015). Town Square: Huddersfield Town [Mobile application software]. http://www.htafc.com
Solid Solutions. (2018). SolidWorks 3D CAD [Computer software]. https://www.solidsolutions.co.uk/
17. How to Reference Social Media
General rule:
- Provide the name of the page or the content/ caption of the post (up to the first 20 words) as the title.
- Posts might contain nonstandard spelling and capitalization, hashtags, links, and emojis. Do not alter anything, replicate original presentation, if possible.
- If you are referencing a long URL, you are encouraged to use a URL shortening service, e.g. Bitly or TinyURL.
- All links should be live if the work is to be read online. Remove the hyperlink if the work in a printed format.
- Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and is not archived. The format is: Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalparkservice/
A. Twitter
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation, followed by full stop, unless screen name included) + Author(s)/Organisation screen name (if known) (in square brackets) + full stop + Date of publication (year followed by comma, followed by the month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title + Tweet (in square brackets) + full stop + Twitter + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: … (University of Huddersfield Library, 2018).
Reference list: University of Huddersfield Library [@hudlib]. (2018, August 22). We will be launching our new #HudReads, a collection of popular books that you can borrow from September. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/hudlib/
B. Facebook
General rule:
- To find the direct URL for a Facebook post, click on the date of the page to open it in a separate window. The URL can then be copied from the address field.
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation) + full stop + Date of Publication (year followed by comma, followed by the month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title + Description of Format (e.g., status update, Video, In square brackets) + full stop + Facebook + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: The main tool to reach their public is their Facebook profile (National Park Service, n.d.).
… (University of Huddersfield Library, 2018).
Reference list: National Park Service. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalparkservice/
University of Huddersfield Library. (2020, June 23). We’re proud to support International Women in Engineering Day #INWED20 #ShapeTheWorld @INWED1919 @hudcompeng ��⚙???????? [Status update]. Facebook. https://bit.ly/31Ebjpg
C. Instagram
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation) + full stop + Author(s)/Organisation Screen name (if known, in square brackets) + full stop + Date of Publication (year followed by comma, followed by the month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title + Description of Format (e.g., status update, Photograph, Video, in square brackets) + full stop + Instagram + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: Leisure reading encouraged during lockdown via university and local libraries. (Huddersfield Uni Library, 2020).
Reference list: Huddersfield Uni Library [hudlib]. (2020, March 26). An exciting stack of #StayatHome reading borrowed from our #HudReads shelves! If you didn’t manage to grab some great reads [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B- MXX_dHUqK/
18. How to Reference Standards and Patents
A. Standard
Organisation + full stop + Year of publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of Standard (in italics) + Standard number (in round brackets) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: … (British Standards Institution, 1980).
Reference list: British Standards Institution. (1980). Method for preparation of a liquor of tea for use in sensory tests (BS 6008:1980). https://bsol.bsigroup.com
B. Patents
General rule:
- The patent number is a unique identifying code given to every patent.
- The year refers to the year the patent was issued, not the year for which it was applied.
Inventor (surname followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Year Patent Issued (in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Patent No. (insert number, in round brackets) + full stop + Issuing Office + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: The new cleaning device for hearing aids invented by Jose (2017) …
Reference list: Jose, G. (2017). Device for cleaning a hearing aid (Patent No. WO 2017/137695 A1). European Patent Office. https://worldwide.espacenet.com
19. How to Reference Tables, Graphs, and Figures
General rule:
- All tables/ figures should be numbered so you can refer to them in your work.
- They should all have a descriptive title, and the citation should refer to the original source (e.g. book, website, journal).
- The original source is included in the reference list.
- Use the format and order of the source in which you found the table/ graph/ figure. See relevant section of this guide. The example below is from a book.
- If you reuse or adapt a table/ figure from another source, the citation should refer to the original source (e.g. book, website, journal).
For example:
In-text citation:
Table 4. Thermodynamic data (Capper, 2004, p. 562)
Reference list: Capper, P. (1994). Properties of narrow gap cadmium-based compounds. Institution of Engineering & Technology. https://app.knovel.com/
20. How to Reference Theatre
General rule:
- This section covers all productions, including plays, operas and dance.
- You may need to adapt the names/ roles of the people involved, e.g. director could become choreographer or producer.
A. Live Production
Director (surname followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Director (in round brackets) + full stop + Date of performance (year followed by comma, followed by month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title Play (in italics) + by + Playwright (initials with full stop after each initial, followed by surname) + Description of format (e.g., play, opera, dance, in square brackets) + full stop + Theatre (followed by comma) + Location + full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: …as can be seen in the Manchester production of Simon Stephen’s play, Light Falls (Frankcom, 2019).
Reference list: Frankcom, S. (Director). (2019, October 31). Light falls by S. Stephens [Play]. Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.
B. Theatre Programmes
Director (surname followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Director (in round brackets) + full stop + Date of performance (year followed by comma, followed by month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title Play (in italics) + by + Playwright (initials with full stop after each initial, followed by surname) + Programme (dance, in square brackets) + full stop + Theatre (followed by comma) + Location + full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: The adaptation of The Tempest at the Swan Theatre (Granville, 2001).
Reference list: Granville, P. (Director). (2001, June 8). The tempest by W. Shakespeare [Programme]. Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.
21. How to Reference Theses and Dissertations
A. Printed Dissertation/Thesis
Author(s) (surname followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Year of Publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Level of Qualification, Institution (in square brackets, level of qualification, e.g., Doctoral/Masters thesis, MA/MSc dissertation, followed by comma, name of awarding institution) + full stop.
For example:
In-text citation: Soliman (2016) used grounded theory techniques…
Reference list: Soliman, S. (2016) Internationalisation strategies in UK universities [Masters dissertation, University of Huddersfield].
B. Online Dissertation/Thesis
Author(s) (surname followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial) + Year of Publication (in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + Level of Qualification, Institution (in square brackets, level of qualification, e.g., Doctoral/Masters thesis, MA/MSc dissertation, followed by comma, name of awarding institution) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: As Ramsden (2018) examines user behaviour in library spaces…
Reference list: Ramsden, B. J. (2018). Learning and usage behaviour in two higher education libraries: how students use libraries and how design influences their behaviour: a critical ethnography-based approach [Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield]. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.769070
22. How to Reference Lecture Notes & Module Handbooks
General rule:
- Use these types of reference with caution. It is good academic practice to cite the original source to which your lecturer referred, rather than the lecture notes themselves.
Author(s)/Lecturer(s)/University (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation) + full stop + Date (year, month, day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title (in italics) + full stop + Description of format (e.g., PowerPoint slides, in square brackets) + full stop + Location (university department) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: As explained by Smyth in Brightspace (2018).
Reference list: Smyth, T. (2018). Week 15: Speleothems as an archive of past climate [PowerPoint slides]. Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield. http://brightspace.hud.ac.uk
23. How to Reference Websites and Blogs
General rule:
- If you cite multiple webpages from a website, create a reference for each.
- If the website does not have a date use n.d. (no date), sometimes the date is right at the bottom of a webpage, e.g. the copyright date.
- Use the organisation name if individual author is unknown.
- If a website does not have an obvious author/ organisation look in the ‘about us’ section.
- When the website name is the same as the author, omit the website name from the reference list.
- If you are referencing a long URL, you are encouraged to use a URL shortening service, e.g. Bitly or TinyURL.
- All links should be live if the work is to be read online. Remove the hyperlink if the work in a printed format.
- Only provide a retrieval date if the content is designed to change over time and is not archived. The format is: Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalparkservice/
A. Websites
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation) + full stop + Year (in round brackets) + full stop + Title of Webpage (in italics) + full stop + Website Name + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: The University of Huddersfield (2018) proudly promoted their TEF Gold Teaching Excellence Framework and HEA Global Teaching Excellence Award…
“Don’t send yourself cross-eyed trying to use binoculars”… (Oates, n.d.).
Reference list: University of Huddersfield. (2018). University of Huddersfield: inspiring tomorrow’s professionals. https://www.hud.ac.uk/
Oates, M. (n.d.). Top tips for butterfly spotting. National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/top-tips-for-butterfly-spotting
B. Blogs
Author(s)/Organisation (surname, comma followed by initials, with full stop and space after each initial OR organisation) + full stop + Date of Publication (year, followed comma, followed by month and day, in round brackets) + full stop + Title of message or blog post + full stop + Title of Blog (in italics) + full stop + URL.
For example:
In-text citation: Joe (2021) gives insight into the 2021 projections of Port Harcourt residents
Reference list: Joe, S. C. (2021, January 1). #NewYear: 7 Things Port Harcourt Residents Think They Need To Do In 202. Elanhub. https://elanhub.net/newyear-7-things-port-harcourt-residents-think-they-need-to-do-in-2021/
24. Further Help
See the Official APA 7th guidance
- American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
- American Psychological Association. (2020). APA blog. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/
Most of the examples have been adopted from the University of Huddersfield APA 7th Referencing Guide
